A multifaceted review on extraction optimization, nanoformulation, and chemical modification approaches to enhance the yield, bioavailability, and health effects of xanthones

They pack a punch against cancer and inflammation, yet these natural molecules can't get past the body's front door. Xanthones hold immense therapeutic promise—if only we could make them dissolve, absorb, and deliver.

Nature's medicine cabinet is full of wonders, but some of its best compounds are notoriously difficult to use. Xanthones, polyphenolic bioactives found in many medicinal plants, exhibit anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects. Yet their clinical promise has long been blocked by poor solubility, low bioavailability, and tricky extraction processes.

This review tackles those roadblocks head-on, examining three key strategies. Nanotechnology leads the charge: polymeric nanoparticles, lipid carriers, nanoemulsions, nanomicelles, and hybrid systems have dramatically improved xanthone solubility, stability, and cellular uptake. Preclinical models show α-mangostin nanomicelles and mangiferin-loaded nanoemulsions fighting cancer effectively.

Meanwhile, greener extraction methods—supercritical fluid, deep eutectic solvents, ultrasound, and microwave—now outperform traditional solvent-based techniques in both yield and sustainability. Chemical tweaks like glycosylation and esterification, seen in mangiferin monosodium salts, further boost water solubility and pharmacokinetics.

Still, hurdles remain: scaling up, ensuring long-term nanoformulation stability, and running extensive human trials. The future points to combining xanthones with other agents, designing targeted delivery systems, and integrating AI for smarter formulation—a roadmap toward unlocking their full clinical potential.

Key Points

• Nanocarriers boost xanthone solubility and cellular uptake
• Green extraction outperforms traditional solvent methods
• Chemical modifications improve water solubility and pharmacokinetics