Deep Eutectic Solvent-Based Extraction of Carminic Acid: A Computational–Experimental Approach for Sustainable Process Development

Can a weed-like root become a treasure trove of bioactive compounds? This study turns chickpea roots—an overlooked agricultural by-product—into a sustainable source of antioxidants using cold plasma and eco-friendly solvents.

Chickpea roots, often discarded as agricultural waste, hide a wealth of bioactive compounds. Researchers have now developed an integrated method to unlock them. The process begins with atmospheric air low-pressure cold plasma (CP) treatment, optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) to find the perfect balance of power, pressure, and time. Next, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) with natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) takes over, yielding a significant boost in total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity (DPPH) compared to untreated samples. The sweet spot was 11.5 minutes at 52 W and 0.65 mbar, with predictive models matching experimental results. Beyond extraction, the team ensured the roots' quality by monitoring microbial load and color stability. This eco-friendly approach not only valorizes an underutilized by-product but also opens doors for functional foods, nutraceuticals, and pharmaceuticals.

Key Points

• Cold plasma + ultrasound + NADES boosts antioxidant extraction from chickpea roots.
• Optimal conditions: 11.5 min, 52 W, 0.65 mbar.
• Eco-friendly valorization of agricultural by-products for functional foods.