From green extraction to clean-label formulation: natural deep eutectic solvents as multifunctional extraction–formulation systems for agri-food valorization

One-third of the world's food is lost or wasted—yet hidden inside those peels and pulp are valuable compounds. Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES) could turn that waste into clean-label ingredients.

Every year, roughly one-third of food produced for humans is lost or wasted, with fruits, vegetables, and tubers hit hardest. But what if we could mine those leftovers for health-boosting compounds? A new review, covering 2015–2025, shines a spotlight on Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES)—green alternatives to conventional organic solvents that are low-volatility and food-grade friendly. The results are striking: NADES often outperform traditional solvents in extracting polyphenols, flavonoids, and anthocyanins, especially when paired with ultrasound or microwave assistance. Beyond extraction, NADES create protective microenvironments that boost the stability and bioavailability of sensitive bioactives. They can even be recycled and integrated directly into food matrices, skipping energy-intensive solvent removal steps. Real-world applications span beverages, bakery goods, emulsions, edible coatings, and encapsulated systems—all without sacrificing sensory appeal. Still, hurdles like high viscosity, standardization, cost, and regulatory approval remain before NADES become industry staples. Yet the vision is clear: NADES as multifunctional platforms that merge extraction and formulation, turning agri-food waste into clean-label opportunities.

Key Points

• NADES outperform conventional solvents for polyphenol extraction.
• Ultrasound and microwave boost NADES extraction efficiency.
• NADES enable clean-label foods with sensory acceptance.