Modeling and optimization of sustainable extraction of valuable bioactive compounds from Foeniculum vulgare by glycerol-based deep eutectic solvent and ultrasound and heat treatment

What if your kitchen spice rack held a greener, cleaner key to extracting health-boosting compounds? Fennel, a common spice, just got a sustainable upgrade.

Fennel isn't just for teas and curries—it's a botanical treasure chest. Packed with polyphenols and flavonoids, this humble spice has long been used in traditional medicine. But extracting those valuable compounds often relies on harsh solvents and energy-heavy methods. Now, scientists have flipped the script with a greener approach.

Key Points

• First use of glycerol-sodium acetate DES on fennel.
• Ultrasound beats heat: higher yields, shorter time.
• Optimized at 30°C, 30 mL/g, 25 min (UAE).