Ultrasound-assisted deep eutectic solvent extraction of polyphenols from fig (Ficus carica L.): Process optimization, mechanistic insights, and antioxidant activity evaluation

What if the secret to sustainable antioxidants lies in a humble fig's peel? A new study unlocks polyphenols using ultrasound and green solvents—without toxic chemicals.

The agro-industry is drowning in waste, but science sees treasure. This study turns fig by-products into a goldmine of bioactive polyphenols using a natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) and ultrasound. The researchers optimized the process, varying solvent composition, time, and temperature to maximize extraction efficiency. They identified key compounds like gallic acid derivatives, ellagic acid, and flavonoids such as quercetin, with the peel showing richer profiles than the seeds. The ultrasound-assisted extraction achieved a total phenolic content of up to 2773.81 mg GAE/L for peel and 957.86 mg GAE/L for seeds under optimal conditions (ethanol-water 48:52, 10 minutes). Mechanistic insights revealed that ultrasound enhances mass transfer and cell disruption, while NADES provides a biocompatible medium. The extracts demonstrated significant antioxidant activity, suggesting potential for nutraceutical, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical applications. This green approach not only valorizes agricultural waste but also offers a sustainable alternative to conventional solvents.

Key Points

• Ultrasound + NADES extracts polyphenols from fig by-products efficiently.
• Optimized conditions: ethanol-water 48:52, 10 min, high phenolic yield.
• Extracts show strong antioxidant activity for nutraceutical use.